Shinya Yamanaka - Wikipedia. Shinya Yamanaka speaking at a lecture on January 1. Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi visit Sinya Yamanaka in Ci. RA, Kyoto University. Shinya Yamanaka(山中 伸弥,Yamanaka Shin'ya, born September 4, 1. · These highlights do not include all the information needed to use HIZENTRA safely and effectively. See full prescribing information for HIZENTRA. Japanese Nobel Prize- winning stem cell researcher.[2][3][4] He serves as the director of Center for i. PS Cell (induced Pluripotent Stem Cell) Research and Application and a professor at the Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences at Kyoto University; as a senior investigator at the UCSF- affiliated J.
David Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, California; and as a professor of anatomy at University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Yamanaka is also a past president of the International Society for Stem Cell Research (ISSCR). He received the 2. BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in Biomedicine category. Also he received the Wolf Prize in Medicine in 2. Rudolf Jaenisch; [6] the Millennium Technology Prize in 2. Linus Torvalds. In 2. John Gurdon were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that mature cells can be converted to stem cells.[7] In 2. Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his work. Education[edit]Yamanaka was born in Higashiōsaka Japan in 1. After graduating from Tennōji High School attached to Osaka Kyoiku University,[8] he received his M. D. at Kobe University in 1. Ph. D at Osaka City University Graduate School in 1. After this, he went through a residency in orthopedic surgery at National Osaka Hospital and a postdoctoral fellowship at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco. Afterwards he worked at the Gladstone Institutes in San Francisco, USA and Nara Institute of Science and Technology in Japan. Yamanaka is currently a Professor at Kyoto University, where he directs its Center for i. PS Research and Application. He is also a senior investigator at the Gladstone Institutes as well as the director of the Center for i. PS Cell Research and Application (ja).[9]Professional career[edit]Between 1. Yamanaka was a resident in orthopedic surgery at the National Osaka Hospital. His first operation was to remove a benign tumor from his friend Shuichi Hirata, a task he could not complete after one hour when a skilled surgeon would have taken ten minutes or so. Some seniors referred to him as "Jamanaka", a pun on the Japanese word for obstacle.[1. From 1. 99. 3 to 1. Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease. Between 1. 99. 6 and 1. Osaka City University Medical School, but found himself mostly looking after mice in the laboratory, not doing actual research.[1. His wife advised him to become a practicing doctor, but instead he applied for a position at the Nara Institute of Science and Technology. He stated that he could and would clarify the characteristics of embryonic stem cells, and this can- do attitude won him the job. From 1. 99. 9–2. 00. Nobel Prize. He became a full professor and remained at the institute in that position from 2. Between 2. 00. 4 and 2. Yamanaka was a professor at the Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences.[1. Currently, Yamanaka is the director and a professor at the Center for i. PS Cell Research and Application at Kyoto University. In 2. 00. 6, he and his team generated induced pluripotent stem cells (i. PS cells) from adult mouse fibroblasts.[2] i. PS cells closely resemble embryonic stem cells, the in vitro equivalent of the part of the blastocyst (the embryo a few days after fertilization) which grows to become the embryo proper. They could show that his i. PS cells were pluripotent, i. Later he and his team generated i. PS cells from human adult fibroblasts,[3] again as the first group to do so. A key difference from previous attempts by the field was his team's use of multiple transcription factors, instead of transfecting one transcription factor per experiment. They started with 2. Sox. 2, Oct. 4, Klf. Myc.[2]Yamanaka's Nobel Prize–winning research in i. PS cells[edit]The 2. Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Sir John B. Gurdon and Shinya Yamanaka "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent."[1. Background- different cell types[edit]There are different types of stem cells. These are some types of cells that will help in understanding the material. Cell Types. Characteristics. Totipotent cellscan give rise to all other cell types. Pluripotent cells. Can develop into all cell types (except those that form the amniotic sac and the placenta). The early embryo consists mainly of pluripotent stem cells. Multipotent cells. Can develop into any of a family of closely related cell types. Background- different stem cell techniques[edit]Type. Pros. Cons. Somatic cell replication Embryonic Stem (ES) cell. No immune rejection. Theoretically patient- specific transplantations possible. No case of success. Many human egg cells needed. Ethical issue: Can clone humans. Fertilized egg ES cell. Pluripotent. Much research done Immune rejection reducible via stem cell bank. Fertilized egg usage. Immune rejection. Oncogenic potential(can't use for clinical trial)Induced pluripotent stem (i. PS) Cell. No ethical issue. Pluripotent. Oncogenic potential. Abnormal aging. Adult stem cell. Much research. No immune rejection Safe (clinical trials)Not as potential as ES cell. Historical Background leading up to Yamanaka's research[edit]The prevalent view during the early 2. They thought that cellular differentiation can only be a unidirectional process. Therefore, non- differentiated egg/early embryo cells can only develop into specialized cells. However, stem cells with limited potency (adult stem cells) remain in bone marrow, intestine, skin etc. The fact that differentiated cell types had specific patterns of proteins suggested irreversible epigenetic modifications or genetic alterations to be the cause of unidirectional cell differentiation. So, cells progressively become more restricted in the differentiation potential and eventually lose pluripotency.[1. In 1. 96. 2, John B. Gurdon demonstrated that the nucleus from a differentiated frog intestinal epithelial cell can generate a fully functional tadpole via transplantation to an enucleated egg. Gurdon used somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) as a method to understand reprogramming and how cells change in specialization. He concluded that differentiated somatic cell nuclei had the potential to revert to pluripotency. This was a paradigm shift during the time. It showed that a differentiated cell nucleus has retained the capacity to successfully revert to an undifferentiated state, with the potential to restart development (pluripotent capacity). However, the question still remained whether an intact differentiated cell could be fully reprogrammed to become pluripotent. Yamanaka's research[edit]Shinya Yamanaka proved that introduction of a small set of transcription factors into a differentiated cell was sufficient to revert the cell to a pluripotent state. Yamanaka focused on factors that are important for maintaining pluripotency in embryonic stem (ES) cells. Knowing that transcription factors were involved in the maintenance of the pluripotent state, he selected a set of 2. ES cell transcriptional factors as candidates to reinstate pluripotency in somatic cells. First, he collected the 2. When all 2. 4 genes encoding these transcription factors were introduced into skin fibroblasts, few actually generated colonies that were remarkably similar to ES cells. Secondly, further experiments were conducted with smaller numbers of transcription factors added to identify the key factors, through a very simple and yet sensitive assay system. Lastly, he identified the four key factors. They found that 4 transcriptional factors (Myc, Oct. Sox. 2 and Klf. 4) were sufficient to convert mouse embryonic or adult fibroblasts to pluripotent stem cells (capable of producing teratomas in vivo and contributing to chimeric mice). These pluripotent cells are called i. PS (induced pluripotent stem) cells; they appeared with very low frequency. PS cells can be selected by inserting the b- geo gene into the Fbx. The Fbx. 15 promoter is active in pluripotent stem cells which induce b- geo expression, which in turn gives rise to G4. PS cells in a culture. Moreover, in 2. 00. Yamanaka and his colleagues found i. PS cells with germ line transmission (via selecting for Oct. Nanog gene). Also in 2. PS cells. However, there are some difficulties to overcome. The first is the issue of the very low production rate of i.
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